الدستور
العملية الانتقالية
A transition process is generally understood as a mean a shift from a non-democratic regime, in particular an authoritarian or totalitarian one, to a democratic regime. The focus is thus…
geography scaled
معايير إنشاء المناطق الفيدرالية
The introduction of a federal system which distributes political power across multiple levels within a state is seen by many academics and practitioners as a promising and sustainable instrument for…
الدستور
الضرائب والموارد
The following paper discusses the distribution of taxes and resources in multi-level systems of government (fiscal federalism), with a special focus on the relationship between various levels of government in…
political-system-power Power sharing for a united Syria
توزيع الصلاحيات في الدول الفيدرالية
In systems with multiple levels of government, the question of how to divide powers among institutions is of critical importance. Which rights are afforded to which level of government and…
الدستور
المحاكم العليا واستقلال القضاء
As the British philosopher David Hume argued, constitutions must be devised for knaves. He believed that political actors will always try to manipulate the constitution in their own interest. Therefore,…
political-system-power Power sharing for a united Syria
تركيبة البرلمان
A parliament may have a variety of different names. In some states, they are called assemblies, in others, they are known as chambers, councils or congresses. Parliaments often exist even…
political-system-power Power sharing for a united Syria
أنظمة الحكم
How much power should a president have and how can limits be placed on this power? How should the relationship between the president and the parliament be governed? Different government…
Steuern und Ressourcen
الإيرادات المحلية
To strengthen the local governing authorities, it is important to give the municipalities control over spheres of authority which they can organise and in which they can take independent decisions.…
نموذج للائحة تنظيمية للأحزاب
نموذج للائحة تنظيمية للأحزاب
Within a democratically organised political party, local branches play a major role. They enable the formation of party policy from the bottom up. They manage their internal affairs based on…
نموذج للائحة تنظيمية للنوادي الرياضية
نموذج للائحة تنظيمية للنوادي الرياضية
When a group founds a new association, it is prudent to lay down certain rules and principles for the association’s structure in writing. The procedures laid down in these written…
